29th November 2017, 5:29 PM
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ARTICLE 1. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a socialist state of workers and peasants.
ARTICLE 2. The Soviets of Working People's Deputies, which grew and attained strength as a result of the overthrow of the landlords and capitalists and the achievement of the dictatorship of the proletariat, constitute the political foundation of the U.S.S.R.
ARTICLE 3. In the U.S.S.R. all power belongs to the working people of town and country as represented by the Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
ARTICLE 4. The socialist system of economy and the socialist ownership of the means and instruments of production firmly established as a result of the abolition of the capitalist system of economy, the abrogation of private ownership of the means and instruments of production and the abolition of the exploitation of man by man, constitute' the economic foundation of the U.S.S.R.
ARTICLE 5. Socialist property in the U.S.S.R. exists either in the form of state property (the possession of the whole people), or in the form of cooperative and collective-farm property (property of a collective farm or property of a cooperative association).
ARTICLE 6. The land, its natural deposits, waters, forests, mills, factories, mines, rail, water and air transport, banks, post, telegraph and telephones, large state-organized agricultural enterprises (state farms, machine and tractor stations and the like) as well as municipal enterprises and the bulk of the dwelling houses in the cities and industrial localities, are state property, that is, belong to the whole people.
ARTICLE 7. Public enterprises in collective farms and cooperative organizations, with their livestock and implements, the products of the collective farms and cooperative organizations, as well as their common buildings, constitute the common socialist property of the collective farms and cooperative organizations. In addition to its basic income from the public collective-farm enterprise, every household in a collective farm has for its personal use a small plot of land attached to the dwelling and, as its personal property, a subsidiary establishment on the plot, a dwelling house, livestock, poultry and minor agricultural implements in accordance with the statutes of the agricultural artel.
ARTICLE 8. The land occupied by collective farms is secured to them for their use free of charge and for an unlimited time, that is, in perpetuity.
ARTICLE 9. Alongside the socialist system of economy, which is the predominant form of economy in the U.S.S.R., the law permits the small private economy of individual peasants and handicraftsman based on their personal labor and precluding the exploitation of the labor of others.
ARTICLE 10. The right of citizens to personal ownership of their incomes from work and of their savings, of their dwelling houses and subsidiary household economy, their household furniture and utensils and articles of personal use and convenience, as well as the right of inheritance of personal property of citizens, is protected by law.
ARTICLE 11. The economic life of the U.S.S.R. is determined and directed by the state national economic plan with the aim of increasing the public wealth, of steadily improving the material conditions of the working people and raising their cultural level, of consolidating the independence of the U.S.S.R. and strengthening its defensive capacity.
ARTICLE 12. In the U.S.S.R. work is a duty and a matter of honor for every able-bodied citizen, in accordance with the principle: "He who does not work, neither shall he eat."
The principle applied in the U.S.S.R. is that of socialism: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work."
ARTICLE 2. The Soviets of Working People's Deputies, which grew and attained strength as a result of the overthrow of the landlords and capitalists and the achievement of the dictatorship of the proletariat, constitute the political foundation of the U.S.S.R.
ARTICLE 3. In the U.S.S.R. all power belongs to the working people of town and country as represented by the Soviets of Working People's Deputies.
ARTICLE 4. The socialist system of economy and the socialist ownership of the means and instruments of production firmly established as a result of the abolition of the capitalist system of economy, the abrogation of private ownership of the means and instruments of production and the abolition of the exploitation of man by man, constitute' the economic foundation of the U.S.S.R.
ARTICLE 5. Socialist property in the U.S.S.R. exists either in the form of state property (the possession of the whole people), or in the form of cooperative and collective-farm property (property of a collective farm or property of a cooperative association).
ARTICLE 6. The land, its natural deposits, waters, forests, mills, factories, mines, rail, water and air transport, banks, post, telegraph and telephones, large state-organized agricultural enterprises (state farms, machine and tractor stations and the like) as well as municipal enterprises and the bulk of the dwelling houses in the cities and industrial localities, are state property, that is, belong to the whole people.
ARTICLE 7. Public enterprises in collective farms and cooperative organizations, with their livestock and implements, the products of the collective farms and cooperative organizations, as well as their common buildings, constitute the common socialist property of the collective farms and cooperative organizations. In addition to its basic income from the public collective-farm enterprise, every household in a collective farm has for its personal use a small plot of land attached to the dwelling and, as its personal property, a subsidiary establishment on the plot, a dwelling house, livestock, poultry and minor agricultural implements in accordance with the statutes of the agricultural artel.
ARTICLE 8. The land occupied by collective farms is secured to them for their use free of charge and for an unlimited time, that is, in perpetuity.
ARTICLE 9. Alongside the socialist system of economy, which is the predominant form of economy in the U.S.S.R., the law permits the small private economy of individual peasants and handicraftsman based on their personal labor and precluding the exploitation of the labor of others.
ARTICLE 10. The right of citizens to personal ownership of their incomes from work and of their savings, of their dwelling houses and subsidiary household economy, their household furniture and utensils and articles of personal use and convenience, as well as the right of inheritance of personal property of citizens, is protected by law.
ARTICLE 11. The economic life of the U.S.S.R. is determined and directed by the state national economic plan with the aim of increasing the public wealth, of steadily improving the material conditions of the working people and raising their cultural level, of consolidating the independence of the U.S.S.R. and strengthening its defensive capacity.
ARTICLE 12. In the U.S.S.R. work is a duty and a matter of honor for every able-bodied citizen, in accordance with the principle: "He who does not work, neither shall he eat."
The principle applied in the U.S.S.R. is that of socialism: "From each according to his ability, to each according to his work."
29th November 2017, 10:36 PM
30th November 2017, 12:51 AM
AP Environmental Science
Soil Salinization Lab
Background: Soil salinization is a serious threat to agriculture. Excessive salinity costs the United States billions of dollars each year. As new land comes into use, it is often in arid areas, which are highly susceptible to the problems associated with soil salinization. In Australia, where the climate is dry and precipitation is feeble, farmers and cropland owners lose nearly a billion dollars a year due to degradation of the soil. This occurs because water-soluble salts accumulate in the upper-rooting zone, thus hindering the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up water. The process of such is called salinization and is a profound threat to food security and the environment.
Learning about salinization is important because it damages approximately one-tenth of the world’s irrigated land and reduces irrigated land areas by 1-2% each year. Salinization occurs where arid or semi-arid soil is present. In areas that experience an ample amount of rainfall, the development of saline soil is hindered due to leaching, which is the downward movement of salts.
Salinization may be caused by either natural processes or because of human practices. The presence of soluble salts (such as sulfates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium), a high water table, a high rate of evaporation, and low annual rainfall are conditions that are necessary for the formation of salinization. Some natural landscape features allow dissolved salts to accumulate in water. Once this water evaporates, the salt concentration consequently increases. Thus, salinization can occur this way as well.
Other natural sources of salts in soil include the decomposition of rocks and minerals through chemical weathering. Nearly all types of water (with the exception of natural rainfall) contain dissolved salts. Once plants use the water, they leave the salt content behind, allowing it to accumulate in the soil. The restriction of adequate water drainage within the soil can also contribute to salinization. This is because the water will eventually evaporate, leaving the salts behind to accumulate. Areas with irrigation are also vulnerable to salinization, for a higher water table carries salts to the surface because of high evaporation demand.
Although potentially destructive, there are several ways to prevent and correct salinization. Provided that there is sufficient natural drainage, it might help to use a bit more water than plants actually need. This would reduce the salt concentration by leaching salts past the root zone and into the aquifers, which would then wash away the unwanted salinity.
Various forms of drainage, such as ditches and underground pipes, can be constructed to take water with high levels of salt away. In the case where an area experiences extreme salinization and can no longer sustain agriculture, the land may be rehabilitated through flooding. Though costly, this method would successfully wash away superficial salts. One of the more practical ways to prevent salinization is through more efficient use of irrigation water. For example, drip irrigation, where a metered amount of water is fed to the area around plants, is better than surface irrigation, which could possibly cause salt contents to accumulate.
Preventing the spread of salinization and reclaiming the lands that have already been substantially salted are crucial in securing the stability of the global economy and the environment of the future. Salinization threatens approximately 10 percent of the world’s grain harvest alone. By learning about the process and effects of salinization, one will obtain a better understanding of the need to address the issue.
Irrigation water contains a variety of dissolved salts including NaCl, MgCl2, Cacl2, etc. When a field is irrigated, much of the water can evaporate, leaving these salts behind as a thin layer on top. Overtime, salts build up on fields until the soil is so salty (salinized) that seeds will no longer germinate in the soil.
In this lab, you will test the following concentrations of salt on mung beans: 0% (distilled water), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 3%
Problem: How does increasing salt concentration affect the germination of plants?
Hypothesis: (Use the words increasing/decreasing in your hypothesis):
If the concentration of dissolved salts increases, the germination of the plants species will decrease because these dissolved salts will fill up the topsoil causing the process of germination to not go through.
Planning for your experiment by identifying:
What is the control in this experiment? The control in this experiment is the salt.
What is the experimental group? The experimental group are the plants(mung beans).
What is the independent variable? -[
What is the dependent variable?
What are the controlled variables?
Materials:
Petri Dishes Graduated Cylinder 5% NaCl solution beakers
Distilled water Seeds (mung beans) Paper Towels ruler
Procedure:
Day 1
1. You will test the following concentrations of salt on mung beans: 0% (distilled water), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 3%
2. You are provided with 5% NaCl solution. You must dilute the solution to make lower percentage salt concentrations. Use the following formula to determine the volume of 5% NaCl needed for each test. You will need 10ml of liquid for each test.
Write your calculations here for all your dishes BEFORE going on:
Obtain 6 Petri Dishes. Label with the 6 concentrations to be tested.
Place 10 mung beans in between two small paper towels in each petri dish.
Prepare your 6 concentrations using the math above—remember, you need 10 ml of each concentration.
Use the “D” pipet and the “D” graduated cylinder for the Distilled water
Use the “5%” pipet and the “5%” graduated cylinder for the 5% salt solution. Do NOT mix these up.
Stir the 5% salt solution before using and pipet from the middle—not the bottom as you will get too much salt.
Pour graduated cylinders into the “Mixing” beaker and swirl to mix
Pour over the solution over the paper towels and mung beans. Cover with another small piece of paper towel.
Tuck in the edges of the paper towels into the petri dish or it will dry out.
Set your petri dishes in a stack on your lab table (toward the wall)
Day 2
Open Petri dishes and observe how many of the mung beans germinated. Record in your data. Figure percentages.
With a ruler, measure the length in mm of each sprout. Record.
Data:
Concentration of
Number of beans
Percentage of beans germinated
Length of Sprout in mm
NaCl
germinated
Analysis: Create 2 graphs.
Graph the relationship between the concentration of NaCl and Percentage of mung beans germinated.
Graph the relationship between the concentration of NaCl and the length of the sprouts.
Make sure you label your axes (with units) and title your graphs (with a phrase that describes the data). Make your graphs and insert into your Google doc.
Lab Conclusion
Write the following conclusion following the Science Writing Guidelines. Use complex sentences in all sections.
1. Introductory statement with the problem and hypothesis.
2. Summary of experiment with results. In your summary, ALSO
Explain whether the results of the lab confirm or refute the hypothesis.
Discuss the experimental design (dependent variable, independent variable, hypothesis).
3. Describe any real or possible error. If you had real error, explain why this error occurred. If no error occurred, explain why another group had error or theorize where error could occur. Be specific and do not describe a math error--instead re-do the math.
4. Paraphrase and cite the textbook or other reference material (pg. #, title and author) and explain whether the results of this lab confirm or refute the scientific concepts in the material.
MLA Citation:
5. Provide a concluding statement that is evidence-based (facts and data). Remember, no opinions or feelings.
Soil Salinization Lab
Background: Soil salinization is a serious threat to agriculture. Excessive salinity costs the United States billions of dollars each year. As new land comes into use, it is often in arid areas, which are highly susceptible to the problems associated with soil salinization. In Australia, where the climate is dry and precipitation is feeble, farmers and cropland owners lose nearly a billion dollars a year due to degradation of the soil. This occurs because water-soluble salts accumulate in the upper-rooting zone, thus hindering the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up water. The process of such is called salinization and is a profound threat to food security and the environment.
Learning about salinization is important because it damages approximately one-tenth of the world’s irrigated land and reduces irrigated land areas by 1-2% each year. Salinization occurs where arid or semi-arid soil is present. In areas that experience an ample amount of rainfall, the development of saline soil is hindered due to leaching, which is the downward movement of salts.
Salinization may be caused by either natural processes or because of human practices. The presence of soluble salts (such as sulfates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium), a high water table, a high rate of evaporation, and low annual rainfall are conditions that are necessary for the formation of salinization. Some natural landscape features allow dissolved salts to accumulate in water. Once this water evaporates, the salt concentration consequently increases. Thus, salinization can occur this way as well.
Other natural sources of salts in soil include the decomposition of rocks and minerals through chemical weathering. Nearly all types of water (with the exception of natural rainfall) contain dissolved salts. Once plants use the water, they leave the salt content behind, allowing it to accumulate in the soil. The restriction of adequate water drainage within the soil can also contribute to salinization. This is because the water will eventually evaporate, leaving the salts behind to accumulate. Areas with irrigation are also vulnerable to salinization, for a higher water table carries salts to the surface because of high evaporation demand.
Although potentially destructive, there are several ways to prevent and correct salinization. Provided that there is sufficient natural drainage, it might help to use a bit more water than plants actually need. This would reduce the salt concentration by leaching salts past the root zone and into the aquifers, which would then wash away the unwanted salinity.
Various forms of drainage, such as ditches and underground pipes, can be constructed to take water with high levels of salt away. In the case where an area experiences extreme salinization and can no longer sustain agriculture, the land may be rehabilitated through flooding. Though costly, this method would successfully wash away superficial salts. One of the more practical ways to prevent salinization is through more efficient use of irrigation water. For example, drip irrigation, where a metered amount of water is fed to the area around plants, is better than surface irrigation, which could possibly cause salt contents to accumulate.
Preventing the spread of salinization and reclaiming the lands that have already been substantially salted are crucial in securing the stability of the global economy and the environment of the future. Salinization threatens approximately 10 percent of the world’s grain harvest alone. By learning about the process and effects of salinization, one will obtain a better understanding of the need to address the issue.
Irrigation water contains a variety of dissolved salts including NaCl, MgCl2, Cacl2, etc. When a field is irrigated, much of the water can evaporate, leaving these salts behind as a thin layer on top. Overtime, salts build up on fields until the soil is so salty (salinized) that seeds will no longer germinate in the soil.
In this lab, you will test the following concentrations of salt on mung beans: 0% (distilled water), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 3%
Problem: How does increasing salt concentration affect the germination of plants?
Hypothesis: (Use the words increasing/decreasing in your hypothesis):
If the concentration of dissolved salts increases, the germination of the plants species will decrease because these dissolved salts will fill up the topsoil causing the process of germination to not go through.
Planning for your experiment by identifying:
What is the control in this experiment? The control in this experiment is the salt.
What is the experimental group? The experimental group are the plants(mung beans).
What is the independent variable? -[
What is the dependent variable?
What are the controlled variables?
Materials:
Petri Dishes Graduated Cylinder 5% NaCl solution beakers
Distilled water Seeds (mung beans) Paper Towels ruler
Procedure:
Day 1
1. You will test the following concentrations of salt on mung beans: 0% (distilled water), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% and 3%
2. You are provided with 5% NaCl solution. You must dilute the solution to make lower percentage salt concentrations. Use the following formula to determine the volume of 5% NaCl needed for each test. You will need 10ml of liquid for each test.
Write your calculations here for all your dishes BEFORE going on:
Obtain 6 Petri Dishes. Label with the 6 concentrations to be tested.
Place 10 mung beans in between two small paper towels in each petri dish.
Prepare your 6 concentrations using the math above—remember, you need 10 ml of each concentration.
Use the “D” pipet and the “D” graduated cylinder for the Distilled water
Use the “5%” pipet and the “5%” graduated cylinder for the 5% salt solution. Do NOT mix these up.
Stir the 5% salt solution before using and pipet from the middle—not the bottom as you will get too much salt.
Pour graduated cylinders into the “Mixing” beaker and swirl to mix
Pour over the solution over the paper towels and mung beans. Cover with another small piece of paper towel.
Tuck in the edges of the paper towels into the petri dish or it will dry out.
Set your petri dishes in a stack on your lab table (toward the wall)
Day 2
Open Petri dishes and observe how many of the mung beans germinated. Record in your data. Figure percentages.
With a ruler, measure the length in mm of each sprout. Record.
Data:
Concentration of
Number of beans
Percentage of beans germinated
Length of Sprout in mm
NaCl
germinated
Analysis: Create 2 graphs.
Graph the relationship between the concentration of NaCl and Percentage of mung beans germinated.
Graph the relationship between the concentration of NaCl and the length of the sprouts.
Make sure you label your axes (with units) and title your graphs (with a phrase that describes the data). Make your graphs and insert into your Google doc.
Lab Conclusion
Write the following conclusion following the Science Writing Guidelines. Use complex sentences in all sections.
1. Introductory statement with the problem and hypothesis.
2. Summary of experiment with results. In your summary, ALSO
Explain whether the results of the lab confirm or refute the hypothesis.
Discuss the experimental design (dependent variable, independent variable, hypothesis).
3. Describe any real or possible error. If you had real error, explain why this error occurred. If no error occurred, explain why another group had error or theorize where error could occur. Be specific and do not describe a math error--instead re-do the math.
4. Paraphrase and cite the textbook or other reference material (pg. #, title and author) and explain whether the results of this lab confirm or refute the scientific concepts in the material.
MLA Citation:
5. Provide a concluding statement that is evidence-based (facts and data). Remember, no opinions or feelings.
30th November 2017, 2:13 AM
30th November 2017, 10:19 AM
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1st March 2019, 1:33 AM
Quote:Learning about salinization is important because it damages approximately one-tenth of the world’s irrigated land and reduces irrigated land areas by 1-2% each year. Salinization occurs where arid or semi-arid soil is present. In areas that experience an ample amount of rainfall, the development of saline soil is hindered due to leaching, which is the downward movement of salts.
Salinization may be caused by either natural processes or because of human practices. The presence of soluble salts (such as sulfates of sodium, calcium, and magnesium), a high water table, a high rate of evaporation, and low annual rainfall are conditions that are necessary for the formation of salinization. Some natural landscape features allow dissolved salts to accumulate in water. Once this water evaporates, the salt concentration consequently increases. Thus, salinization can occur this way as well.
Other natural sources of salts in soil include the decomposition of rocks and minerals to do my chemistry homework through chemical weathering. Nearly all types of water (with the exception of natural rainfall) contain dissolved salts. Once plants use the water, they leave the salt content behind, allowing it to accumulate in the soil. The restriction of adequate water drainage within the soil can also contribute to salinization. This is because the water will eventually evaporate, leaving the salts behind to accumulate. Areas with irrigation are also vulnerable to salinization, for a higher water table carries salts to the surface because of high evaporation demand.
Although potentially destructive, there are several ways to prevent and correct salinization. Provided that there is sufficient natural drainage, it might help to use a bit more water than plants actually need. This would reduce the salt concentration by leaching salts past the root zone and into the aquifers, which would then wash away the unwanted salinity.
What is the source of the information? I've been searching for the Chemistry research (chemical weathering) related materials and found this topic and your reply.
2nd March 2019, 3:38 AM
It is easier for them to get in because they need less votes than in the House of Reps.
lol Senate things
lol Senate things
29th April 2019, 2:54 PM
76 days 6 hours 57 minutes 20 seconds
29th April 2019, 8:11 PM
?
29th April 2019, 8:25 PM
29th April 2019, 11:13 PM
ゲーム
29th April 2019, 11:19 PM
30th April 2019, 6:20 AM
17th January 2022, 5:09 AM
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